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Jewish–Ukrainian relations in Eastern Galicia
Eastern Galicia formed the heartland of the medieval Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia and currently exists within the provinces of Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, and Ternopil in modern western Ukraine. Along with Poles and Ukrainians, Jews were one of the three largest ethnic groups in Eastern Galicia with almost 900,000 people by 1910. Indeed, from the late 18th century until the early 20th century eastern Galicia had the largest concentration of Jews of any region in Europe.〔Israel Bartal, Antony Polonsky. (1999). ''Focusing on Galicia: Jews, Poles, and Ukrainians, 1772-1918''. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization〕 During the 19th century Galicia and its main city, Lviv (''Lemberg'' in Yiddish), became a center of Yiddish literature. Lviv was the home of the world's first Yiddish-language daily newspaper, the ''Lemberger Togblat.'' Jews constituted 1/3 of the population in many cities and dominated parts of the local economy.〔Paul Robert Magocsi. (2005) Galicia: a Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.12-15〕 This article describes the relationship between eastern Galicia's Jews with the numerically largest portion of the population, the Ukrainians.
==Under Austria (later Austria-Hungary) in (1795–1918)==
In 1795 Poland was divided between Russia, Prussia and Austria. Eastern Galicia became a part of Austria. Relations between Jews and Ukrainians were much more peaceful on the Austrian side of the post-1795 border than they were in the territories east of the Zbruch river that had become a part of Russia. The multiple pogroms that occurred in Russian-ruled Ukraine did not spread across the border into Galicia, where Jews and Ukrainians were engaged in political cooperation. Whatever anti-Jewish political agitation existed in Galicia was limited to Polish political parties operating in areas where not many Ukrainians lived.〔Frank Golczewski. (2008) Sheds of Grey: Reflection on Jewish-Ukrainian and German-Ukrainian relations in Galicia. In Ray Brandon, Wendy Lower (Eds.). ''The Shoah in Ukraine: history, testimony, memorialization''. Indiana University Press: pp. 117-129〕 The Jewish and Ukrainian communities cooperated with each other politically. For example, in the 1907 elections, Jews in rural areas agreed to vote for Ukrainian candidates while Ukrainians in urban areas agreed to vote for Zionist candidates. As a result of this cooperation, for the first time Jews won two seats in the parliament.〔(Jewish battalion in Ukrainian Galician Army: Jewish soldiers in the struggle for a Ukrainian state ) By Sviatoslav LYPOVETSKY Den, No. 21, 2009〕
In spite of the positive political cooperation between the two communities, conflicts existed due to economic competition. During the mid to late nineteenth century, Ukrainian community organizations created cooperatives and credit unions in which Ukrainians (mostly peasants) pooled their resources to buy and sell products collectively, without middlemen, and to obtain loans at low interest. Because the professions of moneylending and shopkeeping had traditionally been Jewish vocations in Galicia, the cooperative movement – whose focus was on keeping Ukrainian capital within the Ukrainian community – also created considerable financial hardship for the local Jewish community, by eliminating many Jewish jobs. The financial hardship caused antagonism between the two communities and was a cause for Jewish emigration from Galicia.〔Orest Subtelny. (1988). ''Ukraine: a History.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 324-325 and pp.437-438.〕
To an extent, increasing Ukrainian nationalism also contributed to greater self-awareness among the Jews of Galicia and served as an example for Jews adopting a nationalist or Zionist self-identification.〔Ezra Mendelsohn. (1987). ''The Jews of East Central Europe between the world wars'' Indiana University Press, pg.19〕
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